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<title>Median lethal dose</title>

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Median lethal dose

</h1>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"LD50" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="LD50_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="LD50 (disambiguation)">LD50 (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

In <a href="Toxicology" title="Toxicology">toxicology</a>, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for "<a href="Lethal_dose" title="Lethal dose">lethal dose</a>, 50%"), LC50 (lethal concentration, 50%) or LCt50 is a <a href="Toxic_unit" title="Toxic unit">toxic unit</a> that measures the <a href="Lethal_dose" title="Lethal dose">lethal dose</a> of a given <a href="Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">substance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The value of LD50 for a substance is the <a href="Dose_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dose (pharmacology)">dose</a> required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration. LD50 figures are frequently used as a general indicator of a substance's <a href="Acute_toxicity" title="Acute toxicity">acute toxicity</a>. A lower LD50 is indicative of higher toxicity.

The term LD50 is generally attributed to John William Trevan.<a href="#cite_note-Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_1957_pp._273–288-2">[2]</a> The test was created by J. W. Trevan in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The term semilethal dose is occasionally used in the same sense, in particular with translations of foreign language text, but can also refer to a sublethal dose. LD50 is usually determined by tests on animals such as <a href="Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">laboratory mice</a>. In 2011, the U.S. <a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> approved alternative methods to LD50 for testing the cosmetic drug <a href="Botox" class="mw-redirect" title="Botox">botox</a> without animal tests.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conventions">Conventions</h2></div>

The LD50 is usually expressed as the mass of substance administered per unit mass of test subject, typically as <a href="Milligram" class="mw-redirect" title="Milligram">milligrams</a> of substance per <a href="Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> of body mass, sometimes also stated as <a href="Nanogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanogram">nanograms</a> (suitable for <a href="Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">botulinum toxin</a>), <a href="Microgram" title="Microgram">micrograms</a>, or <a href="Gram" title="Gram">grams</a> (suitable for <a href="Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a>) per kilogram. Stating it this way allows the relative toxicity of different substances to be compared and normalizes for the variation in the size of the animals exposed (although toxicity does not always scale simply with body mass). For substances in the environment, such as poisonous vapors or substances in water that are toxic to fish, the concentration in the environment (per cubic metre or per litre) is used, giving a value of LC50. But in this case, the exposure time is important (see below).

The choice of 50% lethality as a benchmark avoids the potential for ambiguity of making measurements in the extremes and reduces the amount of testing required. However, this also means that LD50 is not the lethal dose for all subjects; some may be killed by much less, while others survive doses far higher than the LD50. Measures such as "LD1" and "LD99" (dosage required to kill 1% or 99%, respectively, of the test population) are occasionally used for specific purposes.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

Lethal dosage often varies depending on the method of <a href="Drug_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug administration">administration</a>; for instance, many substances are less toxic when administered orally than when <a href="Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenously</a> administered. For this reason, LD50 figures are often qualified with the mode of administration, e.g., "LD50 i.v."

The related quantities LD50/30 or LD50/60 are used to refer to a dose that without treatment will be lethal to 50% of the population within (respectively) 30 or 60 days. These measures are used more commonly within radiation <a href="Health_physics" title="Health physics">health physics</a>, for <a href="Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, as survival beyond 60 days usually results in recovery.

A comparable measurement is LCt50, which relates to lethal dosage from exposure, where C is concentration and t is time. It is often expressed in terms of mg-min/m3. ICt50 is the dose that will cause incapacitation rather than death. These measures are commonly used to indicate the comparative efficacy of <a href="Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical warfare</a> agents, and dosages are typically qualified by rates of breathing (e.g., resting = 10 L/min) for inhalation, or degree of clothing for skin penetration. The concept of Ct was first proposed by <a href="Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a> and is sometimes referred to as <a href="Haber's_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Haber's law">Haber's law</a>, which assumes that exposure to 1 minute of 100 mg/m3 is equivalent to 10 minutes of 10 mg/m3 (1 × 100 = 100, as does 10 × 10 = 100).

Some chemicals, such as <a href="Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a>, are rapidly detoxified by the human body, and do not follow Haber's law. In these cases, the lethal concentration may be given simply as LC50 and qualified by a duration of exposure (e.g., 10 minutes). The <a href="Material_safety_data_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Material safety data sheet">material safety data sheets</a> for toxic substances frequently use this form of the term even if the substance does follow Haber's law.

For disease-causing organisms, there is also a measure known as the median infective dose and dosage. The median infective dose (ID50) is the number of organisms received by a person or test animal qualified by the route of administration (e.g., 1,200 org/man per oral). Because of the difficulties in counting actual organisms in a dose, infective doses may be expressed in terms of biological assay, such as the number of LD50s to some test animal. In <a href="Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> infective dosage is the number of infective doses per cubic metre of air times the number of minutes of exposure (e.g., ICt50 is 100 medium doses - min/m3).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitation">Limitation</h2></div>

As a measure of toxicity, LD50 is somewhat unreliable and results may vary greatly between testing facilities due to factors such as the genetic characteristics of the sample population, animal species tested, environmental factors and mode of administration.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7">[7]</a>

There can be wide variability between species as well; what is relatively safe for rats may very well be extremely toxic for humans (<a href="Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> <a href="Paracetamol_toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracetamol toxicity">paracetamol toxicity</a>), and vice versa. For example, chocolate, comparatively harmless to humans, is known to be <a href="Health_effects_of_chocolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of chocolate">toxic to many animals</a>. When used to test <a href="Venom" title="Venom">venom</a> from venomous creatures, such as <a href="Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, LD50 results may be misleading due to the physiological differences between mice, rats, and humans. Many <a href="Venomous_snake" title="Venomous snake">venomous snakes</a> are specialized predators on mice, and their venom may be adapted specifically to incapacitate mice; and <a href="Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongooses</a> may be exceptionally resistant. While most <a href="Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> have a very similar physiology, LD50 results may or may not have equal bearing upon every mammal species, such as humans, etc.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

Note: Comparing substances (especially drugs) to each other by LD50 can be misleading in many cases due (in part) to differences in <a href="Effective_dose_(pharmacology)" title="Effective dose (pharmacology)">effective dose</a> (ED50). Therefore, it is more useful to compare such substances by <a href="Therapeutic_index" title="Therapeutic index">therapeutic index</a>, which is simply the ratio of LD50 to ED50.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

The following examples are listed in reference to LD50 values, in descending order, and accompanied by LC50 values, {bracketed}, when appropriate.

<th>Substance

</th>

<th>Animal, route

</th>

<th class="unsortable">LD50 {LC50}

</th>

<th data-sort-type="number">LD50 : g/kg {LC50 : g/L} standardised

</th>

<th class="unsortable">Reference

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Water_intoxication" title="Water intoxication">Water</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">

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</style>H2O)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>>90,000 mg/kg

</td>

<td>>90

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a> (table sugar)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>29,700 mg/kg

</td>

<td>29.7

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">Corn syrup</a>

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>25,800 mg/kg

</td>

<td>25.8

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> (blood sugar)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>25,800 mg/kg

</td>

<td>25.8

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate</a> (MSG)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>16,600 mg/kg

</td>

<td>16.6

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Stevioside" title="Stevioside">Stevioside</a> (from <a href="Stevia" title="Stevia">stevia</a>)

</td>

<td>mice and rats, oral

</td>

<td>15,000 mg/kg

</td>

<td>15

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a> (petrol)

</td>

<td>rat

</td>

<td>14,063 mg/kg

</td>

<td>14.0

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a> (ascorbic acid)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>11,900 mg/kg

</td>

<td>11.9

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">Glyphosate</a> (isopropylamine salt)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>10,537 mg/kg

</td>

<td>10.537

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a> (milk sugar)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>10,000 mg/kg

</td>

<td>10

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a>

</td>

<td>mice, oral

</td>

<td>10,000 mg/kg

</td>

<td>10

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Urea" title="Urea">Urea</a> (OC(NH2)2)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>8,471 mg/kg

</td>

<td>8.471

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cyanuric_acid" title="Cyanuric acid">Cyanuric acid</a>

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>7,700 mg/kg

</td>

<td>7.7

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cadmium_sulfide" title="Cadmium sulfide">Cadmium sulfide</a> (CdS)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>7,080 mg/kg

</td>

<td>7.08

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> (CH3CH2OH)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>7,060 mg/kg

</td>

<td>7.06

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Sodium <a href="Sarin#Production_and_structure" title="Sarin">isopropyl methylphosphonic acid</a> (IMPA, metabolite of <a href="Sarin" title="Sarin">sarin</a>)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>6,860 mg/kg

</td>

<td>6.86

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Melamine" title="Melamine">Melamine</a>

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>6,000 mg/kg

</td>

<td>6

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a>

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>5,000 mg/kg

</td>

<td>5

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Melamine_cyanurate" title="Melamine cyanurate">Melamine cyanurate</a>

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>4,100 mg/kg

</td>

<td>4.1

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a> (fruit sugar)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>4,000 mg/kg

</td>

<td>4

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sodium_molybdate" title="Sodium molybdate">Sodium molybdate</a> (Na2MoO4)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>4,000 mg/kg

</td>

<td>4

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Salt_poisoning" title="Salt poisoning">Sodium chloride</a> (table salt)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>3,000 mg/kg

</td>

<td>3

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Paracetamol_poisoning" title="Paracetamol poisoning">Paracetamol</a> (acetaminophen)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>2000 mg/kg

</td>

<td>2

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a> (acetylsalicylic acid)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>1,600 mg/kg

</td>

<td>1.6

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol">Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (THC)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>1,270 mg/kg

</td>

<td>1.27

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (CBD)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>980 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.98

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Methanol_toxicity" title="Methanol toxicity">Methanol</a> (CH3OH)

</td>

<td>human, oral

</td>

<td>810 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.81

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="TNT" title="TNT">Trinitrotoluene</a> (TNT)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>790 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.790

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">Arsenic</a> (As)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>763 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.763

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a>

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>636 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.636

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a> (CH2O)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>600–800 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.6

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Solanine" title="Solanine">Solanine</a> (main alkaloid in the several plants in <a href="Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a> amongst them <a href="Solanum_tuberosum" class="mw-redirect" title="Solanum tuberosum">Solanum tuberosum</a>)

</td>

<td>rat, oral (2.8 mg/kg human, oral)

</td>

<td>590 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.590

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="ADBAC" class="mw-redirect" title="ADBAC">Alkyl dimethyl benzalkonium chloride</a> (ADBAC)

</td>

<td>rat, oral fish, immersion aquatic invertebrates, immersion

</td>

<td>304.5 mg/kg {0.28 mg/L} {0.059 mg/L}

</td>

<td>0.3045 {0.00028} {0.000059}

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Coumarin" title="Coumarin">Coumarin</a> (<a href="Benzopyrone" title="Benzopyrone">benzopyrone</a>, from <a href="Cinnamomum_aromaticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum aromaticum">Cinnamomum aromaticum</a> and other plants)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>293 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.293

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> (from <a href="Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">psilocybin mushrooms</a>)

</td>

<td>mouse, oral

</td>

<td>280 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.280

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">Hydrochloric acid</a> (HCl)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>238–277 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.238

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a>

</td>

<td>rat, intraperitoneal

</td>

<td>229 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.229

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a>

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>192 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.192

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Arsenic_trisulfide" title="Arsenic trisulfide">Arsenic trisulfide</a> (As2S3)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>185–6,400 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.185–6.4

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sodium_nitrite" title="Sodium nitrite">Sodium nitrite</a> (NaNO2)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>180 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.18

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="MDMA" title="MDMA">Methylenedioxymethamphetamine</a> (MDMA)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>160 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.18

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Uranyl_acetate_dihydrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranyl acetate dihydrate">Uranyl acetate dihydrate</a> (UO2(CH3COO)2)

</td>

<td>mouse, oral

</td>

<td>136 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.136

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane">Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane</a> (DDT)

</td>

<td>mouse, oral

</td>

<td>135 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.135

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> (U)

</td>

<td>mice, oral

</td>

<td>114 mg/kg (estimated)

</td>

<td>0.114

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bisoprolol" title="Bisoprolol">Bisoprolol</a>

</td>

<td>mouse, oral

</td>

<td>100 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.1

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a>

</td>

<td>mouse, oral

</td>

<td>96 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.096

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cobalt(II)_chloride" title="Cobalt(II) chloride">Cobalt(II) chloride</a> (CoCl2)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>80 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.08

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">Cadmium oxide</a> (CdO)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>72 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.072

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Thiopental_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiopental sodium">Thiopental sodium</a> (used in <a href="Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">lethal injection</a>)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>64 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.064

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Demeton-S-methyl" title="Demeton-S-methyl">Demeton-S-methyl</a>

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>60 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.060

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a>

</td>

<td>rat, intraperitoneal

</td>

<td>57 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.057

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">Sodium fluoride</a> (NaF)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>52 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.052

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a>

</td>

<td>mouse and rat, oral

human, smoking

</td>

<td>50 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.05

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Pentaborane" title="Pentaborane">Pentaborane</a>

</td>

<td>human, oral

</td>

<td>50 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.05

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a>

</td>

<td>mouse, oral

</td>

<td>47.2 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.0472

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Vitamin_D3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin D3">Vitamin D3</a> (cholecalciferol)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>37 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.037

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Piperidine" title="Piperidine">Piperidine</a> (from <a href="Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>30 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.030

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Heroin" title="Heroin">Heroin</a> (diamorphine)

</td>

<td>mouse, intravenous

</td>

<td>21.8 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.0218

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">Lysergic acid diethylamide</a> (LSD)

</td>

<td>rat, intravenous

</td>

<td>16.5 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.0165

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">Arsenic trioxide</a> (As2O3)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>14 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.014

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Metallic <a href="Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> (As)

</td>

<td>rat, <a href="Intraperitoneal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraperitoneal">intraperitoneal</a>

</td>

<td>13 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.013

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a> (NaCN)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>6.4 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.0064

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Chlorotoxin" title="Chlorotoxin">Chlorotoxin</a> (CTX, from <a href="Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a>)

</td>

<td>mice

</td>

<td>4.3 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.0043

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)

</td>

<td>mouse, oral

</td>

<td>3.7 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.0037

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a>

</td>

<td>rat, intravenous

</td>

<td>3.39 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.00339

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (from various <a href="Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a> genera)

</td>

<td>mice, oral

</td>

<td>3.3 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.0033

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus">White phosphorus</a> (P)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>3.03 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.00303

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a> (from <a href="Strychnos_nux-vomica" title="Strychnos nux-vomica">Strychnos nux-vomica</a>)

</td>

<td>human, oral

</td>

<td>1–2 mg/kg (estimated)

</td>

<td>0.001–0.002

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a> (from <a href="Aconitum_napellus" title="Aconitum napellus">Aconitum napellus</a> and related species)

</td>

<td>human, oral

</td>

<td>1–2 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.001–0.002

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Mercury(II)_chloride" title="Mercury(II) chloride">Mercury(II) chloride</a> (HgCl2)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>1 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.001

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">Cantharidin</a> (from <a href="Blister_beetle" title="Blister beetle">blister beetles</a>)

</td>

<td>human, oral

</td>

<td>500 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.0005

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin B1</a> (from <a href="Aspergillus_flavus" title="Aspergillus flavus">Aspergillus flavus</a> mold)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>480 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.00048

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> (Pu)

</td>

<td>dog, intravenous

</td>

<td>320 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.00032

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bufotoxin" title="Bufotoxin">Bufotoxin</a> (from <a href="Bufo" title="Bufo">Bufo</a> toads)

</td>

<td>cat, intravenous

</td>

<td>300 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.0003

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Brodifacoum" title="Brodifacoum">Brodifacoum</a>

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>270 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.00027

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Caesium-137" title="Caesium-137">Caesium-137</a> (137 Cs)

</td>

<td>mouse, parenteral

</td>

<td>21.5 μCi/g

</td>

<td>0.000245

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sodium_fluoroacetate" title="Sodium fluoroacetate">Sodium fluoroacetate</a> (CH2FCOONa)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>220 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.00022

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Chlorine_trifluoride" title="Chlorine trifluoride">Chlorine trifluoride</a> (ClF3)

</td>

<td>mouse, absorption through skin

</td>

<td>178 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.000178

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin</a>

</td>

<td>mouse, subcutaneous injection

</td>

<td>172 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.000172

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Robustoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robustoxin">Robustoxin</a> (from <a href="Sydney_funnel-web_spider" title="Sydney funnel-web spider">Sydney funnel-web spider</a>)

</td>

<td>mice

</td>

<td>150 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.000150

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>human, oral, inhalation, absorption through skin/eyes

</td>

<td>140 μg/kg (estimated)

</td>

<td>0.00014

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Venom of the <a href="Brazilian_wandering_spider" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian wandering spider">Brazilian wandering spider</a>

</td>

<td>rat, subcutaneous

</td>

<td>134 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.000134

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Amatoxin" title="Amatoxin">Amatoxin</a> (from <a href="Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides">Amanita phalloides</a> mushrooms)

</td>

<td>human, oral

</td>

<td>100 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.0001

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Dimethylmercury" title="Dimethylmercury">Dimethylmercury</a> (Hg(CH3)2)

</td>

<td>human, transdermal

</td>

<td>50 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.000050

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="TBPO" title="TBPO">TBPO</a> (t-Butyl-bicyclophosphate)

</td>

<td>mouse, intravenous

</td>

<td>36 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.000036

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a>

</td>

<td>monkey

</td>

<td>30 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.00003

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Venom of the <a href="Inland_taipan" title="Inland taipan">inland taipan</a>

</td>

<td>rat, subcutaneous

</td>

<td>25 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.000025

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ricin" title="Ricin">Ricin</a> (from <a href="Castor_oil_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor oil plant">castor oil plant</a>)

</td>

<td>rat, intraperitoneal rat, oral

</td>

<td>22 μg/kg 20–30 mg/kg

</td>

<td>0.000022 0.02

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="2%2C3%2C7%2C8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin" title="2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin">2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin</a> (TCDD, in <a href="Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>)

</td>

<td>rat, oral

</td>

<td>20 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.00002

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a> from the <a href="Blue-ringed_octopus" title="Blue-ringed octopus">blue-ringed octopus</a>

</td>

<td>intravenous

</td>

<td>8.2 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.0000082

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>CrTX-A (from <a href="Carybdea_rastonii" title="Carybdea rastonii">Carybdea rastonii</a> <a href="Box_jellyfish" title="Box jellyfish">box jellyfish</a> <a href="Venom" title="Venom">venom</a>)

</td>

<td>crayfish, intraperitoneal

</td>

<td>5 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.000005

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Latrotoxin" title="Latrotoxin">Latrotoxin</a> (from <a href="Latrodectus" title="Latrodectus">widow spider</a> <a href="Venom" title="Venom">venom</a>)

</td>

<td>mice

</td>

<td>4.3 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.0000043

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Epibatidine" title="Epibatidine">Epibatidine</a> (from <a href="Epipedobates_anthonyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipedobates anthonyi">Epipedobates anthonyi</a> poison dart frog)

</td>

<td>mouse, intravenous

</td>

<td>1.46-13.98 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.00000146

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a> (from <a href="Poison_dart_frog" title="Poison dart frog">poison dart frog</a>)

</td>

<td>human, sub-cutaneous injection

</td>

<td>2–7 μg/kg (estimated)

</td>

<td>0.000002

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Abrin" title="Abrin">Abrin</a> (from <a href="Rosary_pea" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosary pea">rosary pea</a>)

</td>

<td>mice, intravenously human, inhalation human, oral

</td>

<td>0.7 μg/kg 3.3 μg/kg 10–1000 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.0000007 0.0000033 0.00001–0.001

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a> (from certain marine <a href="Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a>)

</td>

<td>human, intravenously human, oral

</td>

<td>0.6 μg/kg 5.7 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.0000006 0.0000057

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Pacific <a href="Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">ciguatoxin</a>-1 (from <a href="Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">ciguateric fish</a>)

</td>

<td>mice, intraperitoneal

</td>

<td>250 ng/kg

</td>

<td>0.00000025

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Palytoxin" title="Palytoxin">Palytoxin</a> (from <a href="Palythoa" title="Palythoa">Palythoa</a> coral)

</td>

<td>mouse, intravenous

</td>

<td>45 ng/kg 2.3–31.5 μg/kg

</td>

<td>0.000000045 0.0000023

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Maitotoxin" title="Maitotoxin">Maitotoxin</a> (from <a href="Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">ciguateric fish</a>)

</td>

<td>mouse, <a href="Intraperitoneal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraperitoneal">intraperitoneal</a>

</td>

<td>50 ng/kg

</td>

<td>0.00000005

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">Polonium-210</a> (210 Po)

</td>

<td>human, inhalation

</td>

<td>10 ng/kg (estimated)

</td>

<td>0.00000001

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Diphtheria_toxin" title="Diphtheria toxin">Diphtheria toxin</a> (from <a href="Corynebacterium" title="Corynebacterium">Corynebacterium</a>)

</td>

<td>mice

</td>

<td>10 ng/kg

</td>

<td>0.00000001

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Shiga_toxin" title="Shiga toxin">Shiga toxin</a> (from <a href="Shigella" title="Shigella">Shigella</a> bacteria)

</td>

<td>mice

</td>

<td>2 ng/kg

</td>

<td>0.000000002

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tetanospasmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanospasmin">Tetanospasmin</a> (from <a href="Clostridium_tetani" title="Clostridium tetani">Clostridium tetani</a>)

</td>

<td>mice

</td>

<td>2 ng/kg

</td>

<td>0.000000002

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a> (from <a href="Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum">Clostridium botulinum</a>)

</td>

<td>human, oral, injection, inhalation

</td>

<td>1 ng/kg (estimated)

</td>

<td>0.000000001

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing radiation</a>

</td>

<td>human, irradiation

</td>

<td>3–5 <a href="Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gy</a> (Gray)

</td>

<td>—

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poison_scale">Poison scale</h2></div>

The LD50 values have a very wide range. The <a href="Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">botulinum toxin</a> as the most toxic substance known has an LD50 value of 1 ng/kg, while the most non-toxic substance <a href="Water" title="Water">water</a> has an LD50 value of more than 90 g/kg; a difference of about 1 in 100 billion, or 11 orders of magnitude. As with all measured values that differ by many orders of magnitude, a logarithmic view is advisable. Well-known examples are the indication of the earthquake strength using the <a href="Richter_scale" title="Richter scale">Richter scale</a>, the <a href="PH_value" class="mw-redirect" title="PH value">pH value</a>, as a measure for the acidic or basic character of an aqueous solution or of <a href="Sound_pressure#Sound_pressure_level" title="Sound pressure">loudness</a> in <a href="Decibel" title="Decibel">decibels</a>.

In this case, the negative decimal logarithm of the LD50 values, which is standardized in kg per kg body weight, is considered −log10(LD50).

The dimensionless value found can be entered in a toxin scale. Water as the baseline substance is nearly 1 in the negative logarithmic toxin scale.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedures">Procedures</h2></div>

A number of procedures have been defined to derive the LD50. The earliest was the 1927 "conventional" procedure by Trevan, which requires 40 or more animals. The <a href="Fixed-dose_procedure" title="Fixed-dose procedure">fixed-dose procedure</a>, proposed in 1984, estimates a level of toxicity by feeding at defined doses and looking for signs of toxicity (without requiring death).<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The <a href="Up-and-down_procedure" title="Up-and-down procedure">up-and-down procedure</a>, proposed in 1985, yields an LD50 value while dosing only one animal at a time.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Reed-Muench_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed-Muench method">Reed-Muench method</a></li>

<li><a href="The_dose_makes_the_poison" title="The dose makes the poison">The dose makes the poison</a> – the toxicology adage that high quantities of any substance is lethal</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_measures_of_toxicity">Other measures of toxicity</h3></div>

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<li><a href="Certain_safety_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Certain safety factor">Certain safety factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Therapeutic_index" title="Therapeutic index">Therapeutic index</a></li>

<li><a href="Protective_index" title="Protective index">Protective index</a></li>

<li><a href="Median_toxic_dose" title="Median toxic dose">Median toxic dose</a> (TD50)</li>

<li><a href="Lowest_published_lethal_dose" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowest published lethal dose">Lowest published lethal dose</a> (LDLo)</li>

<li><a href="EC50" title="EC50">EC50</a> (half maximal effective concentration)</li>

<li><a href="IC50" title="IC50">IC50</a> (half maximal inhibitory concentration)</li>

<li><a href="Draize_test" title="Draize test">Draize test</a></li>

<li><a href="Indicative_limit_value" title="Indicative limit value">Indicative limit value</a></li>

<li><a href="No-observed-adverse-effect_level" title="No-observed-adverse-effect level">No-observed-adverse-effect level</a> (NOAEL)</li>

<li><a href="Lowest-observed-adverse-effect_level" title="Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level">Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level</a> (LOAEL)</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_measures">Related measures</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="TCID50" class="mw-redirect" title="TCID50">TCID50</a> Tissue Culture Infective Dosage</li>

<li><a href="Plaque_forming_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaque forming units">Plaque forming units</a> (pfu)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLipnickCotruvoHillBruce1995" class="citation journal cs1">Lipnick RL, Cotruvo JA, Hill RN, Bruce RD, Stitzel KA, Walker AP, et al. (March 1995). "Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD50, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 33 (3): 223–231. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0278-6915%2894%2900136-c">10.1016/0278-6915(94)00136-c</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7896233">7896233</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLichtman1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lichtman AH (August 1998). "The up-and-down method substantially reduces the number of animals required to determine antinociceptive ED50 values". Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. 40 (2): 81–85. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1056-8719%2898%2900041-0">10.1016/s1056-8719(98)00041-0</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10100496">10100496</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFLipnickCotruvoHillBruce1995" class="citation journal cs1">Lipnick RL, Cotruvo JA, Hill RN, Bruce RD, Stitzel KA, Walker AP, et al. (March 1995). "Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD50, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 33 (3): 223–231. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0278-6915%2894%2900136-C">10.1016/0278-6915(94)00136-C</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7896233">7896233</a>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/ld50.html">Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626013647/http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/ld50.html">Archived</a> 2015-06-26 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Pharmacology105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">Ligand (biochemistry)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Excitatory10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Excitatory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agonist" title="Agonist">Agonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Endogenous_agonist" title="Endogenous agonist">Endogenous agonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Irreversible_agonist" title="Irreversible agonist">Irreversible agonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">Partial agonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Superagonist" title="Superagonist">Superagonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Physiological_agonism_and_antagonism" title="Physiological agonism and antagonism">Physiological agonist</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inhibitory10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Inhibitory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Antagonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Competitive_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive antagonist">Competitive antagonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Irreversible_antagonist" title="Irreversible antagonist">Irreversible antagonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Physiological_agonism_and_antagonism" title="Physiological agonism and antagonism">Physiological antagonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">Inverse agonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Enzyme inhibitor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<li><a href="Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Agonist-antagonist" title="Agonist-antagonist">Agonist-antagonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmacophore" title="Pharmacophore">Pharmacophore</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Activity_at_receptor20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Activity at receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">Mechanism of action</a></li>

<li><a href="Mode_of_action" title="Mode of action">Mode of action</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_binding" title="Molecular binding">Binding</a></li>

<li><a href="Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor (biochemistry)</a></li>

<li><a href="Desensitization_(medicine)" title="Desensitization (medicine)">Desensitization (medicine)</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_effects_of_ligand23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other effects of ligand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Selectivity (<a href="Binding_selectivity" title="Binding selectivity">Binding</a>, <a href="Functional_selectivity" title="Functional selectivity">Functional</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Pleiotropy_(drugs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleiotropy (drugs)">Pleiotropy (drugs)</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-specific_effect_of_vaccines" title="Non-specific effect of vaccines">Non-specific effect of vaccines</a></li>

<li><a href="Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">Adverse effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxicity" title="Toxicity">Toxicity</a> (<a href="Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Analysis8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dose%E2%80%93response_relationship" title="Dose–response relationship">Dose–response relationship</a></li>

<li><a href="Hill_equation_(biochemistry)" title="Hill equation (biochemistry)">Hill equation (biochemistry)</a></li>

<li><a href="Schild_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Schild plot">Schild plot</a></li>

<li><a href="Del_Castillo_Katz_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Del Castillo Katz model">Del Castillo Katz model</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheng-Prussoff_Equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheng-Prussoff Equation">Cheng-Prussoff Equation</a></li>

<li>Methods (<a href="Organ_bath" title="Organ bath">Organ bath</a>, <a href="Ligand_binding_assay" title="Ligand binding assay">Ligand binding assay</a>, <a href="Patch_clamp" title="Patch clamp">Patch clamp</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Metrics7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Efficacy#Pharmacology" title="Efficacy">Efficacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Intrinsic_activity" title="Intrinsic activity">Intrinsic activity</a></li>

<li><a href="Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">Potency</a> (<a href="EC50" title="EC50">EC50</a>, <a href="IC50" title="IC50">IC50</a>, <a href="Effective_dose_(pharmacology)" title="Effective dose (pharmacology)">ED50</a>, , <a href="Median_toxic_dose" title="Median toxic dose">TD50</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Therapeutic_index" title="Therapeutic index">Therapeutic index</a></li>

<li><a href="Dissociation_constant#Protein-ligand_binding" title="Dissociation constant">Affinity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Metrics7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Loading_dose" title="Loading dose">Loading dose</a></li>

<li><a href="Volume_of_distribution" title="Volume of distribution">Volume of distribution</a> (<a href="Initial_volume_of_distribution" title="Initial volume of distribution">Initial</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Rate_of_infusion" title="Rate of infusion">Rate of infusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Onset_of_action" title="Onset of action">Onset of action</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Biological half-life</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Plasma protein binding</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="LADME5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">LADME</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ADME" title="ADME">(L)ADME</a>: (<a href="Liberation_(pharmacology)" title="Liberation (pharmacology)">Liberation</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Absorption_(pharmacology)" title="Absorption (pharmacology)">Absorption</a></li>

<li><a href="Distribution_(pharmacology)" title="Distribution (pharmacology)">Distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></li>

<li><a href="Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a> (<a href="Clearance_(pharmacology)" title="Clearance (pharmacology)">Clearance</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Compartment_(pharmacokinetics)" title="Compartment (pharmacokinetics)">Compartment</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioequivalence" title="Bioequivalence">Bioequivalence</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Neuroscience_and_psychology35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a> and <a href="Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Neuropsychopharmacology" title="Neuropsychopharmacology">Neuropsychopharmacology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuropharmacology" title="Neuropharmacology">Neuropharmacology</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychopharmacology" title="Psychopharmacology">Psychopharmacology</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Medicine12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clinical_pharmacology" title="Clinical pharmacology">Clinical pharmacology</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmacoepidemiology" title="Pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Biochemistry_and_genetics33" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> and <a href="Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pharmacoinformatics" title="Pharmacoinformatics">Pharmacoinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmacogenetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacogenetics">Pharmacogenetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmacogenomics" title="Pharmacogenomics">Pharmacogenomics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Toxicology14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pharmacotoxicology" title="Pharmacotoxicology">Pharmacotoxicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurotoxicology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotoxicology">Neurotoxicology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Drug_discovery18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Drug_discovery" title="Drug discovery">Drug discovery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Classical_pharmacology" title="Classical pharmacology">Classical pharmacology</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverse_pharmacology" title="Reverse pharmacology">Reverse pharmacology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Photopharmacology" title="Photopharmacology">Photopharmacology</a></li>

<li><a href="Immunopharmacology" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunopharmacology">Immunopharmacology</a></li>

<li><a href="Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Coinduction_(anesthetics)" title="Coinduction (anesthetics)">Coinduction (anesthetics)</a></li>

<li><a href="Combination_therapy" title="Combination therapy">Combination therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_analog_(chemistry)" title="Functional analog (chemistry)">Functional analog (chemistry)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polypharmacology" title="Polypharmacology">Polypharmacology</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_drugs" title="Lists of drugs">Lists of drugs</a></li>

<li><a href="WHO_list_of_essential_medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO list of essential medicines">WHO list of essential medicines</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tolerance_and_resistance24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Tolerance and resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">Drug tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Tachyphylaxis" title="Tachyphylaxis">Tachyphylaxis</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_resistance" title="Drug resistance">Drug resistance</a></li>

<li><a href="Antibiotic_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistance">Antibiotic resistance</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiple_drug_resistance" title="Multiple drug resistance">Multiple drug resistance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antimicrobial_pharmacology26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Antimicrobial pharmacology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antimicrobial_pharmacodynamics" title="Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics">Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimum_inhibitory_concentration" title="Minimum inhibitory concentration">Minimum inhibitory concentration</a></li>

<li><a href="Bacteriostatic_agent" title="Bacteriostatic agent">Bacteriostatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimum_bactericidal_concentration" title="Minimum bactericidal concentration">Minimum bactericidal concentration</a></li>

<li><a href="Bactericide" title="Bactericide">Bactericide</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Toxicology429" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Toxicology429" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecotoxicology" title="Ecotoxicology">Ecotoxicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_toxicology" title="Occupational toxicology">Occupational toxicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Entomotoxicology" title="Entomotoxicology">Entomotoxicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_toxicology" title="Environmental toxicology">Environmental toxicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_toxicology" title="Medical toxicology">Medical toxicology</a></li>

<li><a href="In_vitro_toxicology" title="In vitro toxicology">In vitro toxicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxicogenomics" title="Toxicogenomics">Toxicogenomics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">Acceptable daily intake</a></li>

<li><a href="Acute_toxicity" title="Acute toxicity">Acute toxicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">Bioaccumulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">Biomagnification</a></li>

<li><a href="Fixed-dose_procedure" title="Fixed-dose procedure">Fixed-dose procedure</a></li>

<li><a href="Lethal_dose" title="Lethal dose">Lethal dose</a></li>

<li><a href="Poison" title="Poison">Poison</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxic_capacity" title="Toxic capacity">Toxic capacity</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxicity_class" title="Toxicity class">Toxicity class</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxin</a></li>

<li><a href="Venom" title="Venom">Venom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a></li>

<li><a href="Antidote" title="Antidote">Antidote</a></li>

<li><a href="Cathartic" title="Cathartic">Cathartic</a></li>

<li><a href="Chelation_therapy" title="Chelation therapy">Chelation therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastric_lavage" title="Gastric lavage">Gastric lavage</a></li>

<li><a href="Hemodialysis" title="Hemodialysis">Hemodialysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Hemoperfusion" title="Hemoperfusion">Hemoperfusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Whole_bowel_irrigation" title="Whole bowel irrigation">Whole bowel irrigation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1858_Bradford_sweets_poisoning" title="1858 Bradford sweets poisoning">1858 Bradford sweets poisoning</a></li>

<li><a href="2007_pet_food_recalls" title="2007 pet food recalls">2007 pet food recalls</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhopal_disaster" title="Bhopal disaster">Bhopal disaster</a></li>

<li><a href="Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Niigata_Minamata_disease" title="Niigata Minamata disease">Niigata Minamata disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko">Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko</a></li>

<li><a href="Seveso_disaster" title="Seveso disaster">Seveso disaster</a></li>

<li><a href="Consumption_of_Tide_Pods" title="Consumption of Tide Pods">Consumption of Tide Pods</a></li>

<li><a href="Visakhapatnam_gas_leak" title="Visakhapatnam gas leak">Visakhapatnam gas leak</a></li>

<li><a href="2022_Aqaba_toxic_gas_leak" title="2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak">2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_poisonings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of poisonings">List of poisonings</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Hazard_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">Hazard symbol</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_extremely_hazardous_substances" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extremely hazardous substances">List of extremely hazardous substances</a></li>

<li><a href="Mutagen" title="Mutagen">Mutagen</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Toxicology" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Toxicology">Commons</a></li>

<li> WikiProject</li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-19" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Median_lethal_dose&oldid=1301326722">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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